{"id":51989,"date":"2022-08-05T16:54:30","date_gmt":"2022-08-05T16:54:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dbtut.com\/?p=51989"},"modified":"2022-08-05T16:57:18","modified_gmt":"2022-08-05T16:57:18","slug":"sql-server-graph-database","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dbtut.com\/index.php\/2022\/08\/05\/sql-server-graph-database\/","title":{"rendered":"SQL Server Graph Database"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In today&#8217;s article we will examine the SQL Server Graph Database.<\/p>\n<p>I will try to explain the Graph database features, which provide complex and hierarchical relationship management, which started to be used with SQL Server 2017, in the article.<\/p>\n<p>We can say that Graph database is critical to show the complex hierarchical data we experience while working with relational database systems and NoSQL databases, to eliminate performance problems such as the number of relationship levels and database sizes.<\/p>\n<p>Where can we use a graphical database?<\/p>\n<p>Social networking<\/p>\n<p>Fraud detection<\/p>\n<p>Product recommendations<\/p>\n<p>IT Network analysis<\/p>\n<p>Social recommendations<\/p>\n<p>etc.<\/p>\n<p>The graphical database consists of two elements.<\/p>\n<p>Node: Represents entities within the graphical database. customer, employee vs.<\/p>\n<p>Edge: Represents the \u2013 Node \u2013 relationship between entities.<\/p>\n<p>After brief information about SQL Server Graph database, let&#8217;s perform a demo about its usage and consolidate our knowledge.<\/p>\n<p>Example scenario: Let&#8217;s describe Person, City, Team, Stat and the relationships between them.<\/p>\n<p>As a first step, let&#8217;s create a database named &#8220;DMCGraph&#8221; with the following code block in order to implement the scenario.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang:default decode:true \">USE master;\r\nGO\r\nDROP DATABASE IF EXISTS DMCGraph;\r\nGO\r\nCREATE DATABASE DMCGraph;\r\nGO<\/pre>\n<p>Let&#8217;s start creating the &#8220;Node&#8221; tables. First, let&#8217;s take action for users.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang:default decode:true \">USE DMCGraph;\r\nGO\r\nDROP TABLE IF EXISTS Users;\r\nGO\r\nCREATE TABLE Users (\r\nUserID INT IDENTITY PRIMARY KEY,\r\nUserName NVARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,\r\n) AS NODE;<\/pre>\n<p>Looking at the code block above, you can see that it&#8217;s like a classic table creation process. The only difference is that you specify a &#8220;Node&#8221; with the phrase &#8220;AS NODE&#8221; at the end of the table syntax.<\/p>\n<p>The Node named \u201cUsers\u201d consists of a UserID and Username information, we need to take care that there is a Primary key in the node. To check whether a table is a node or edge, we use the is_node and is_edge columns in the sys.tables system table.<\/p>\n<p>select name,is_node,is_edge from sys.tables<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/www.sqlekibi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Resim-1.png\" \/><\/p>\n<p>In the picture above, we see that the table named users is a node. We have already stated that there is a node with \u201cAS NODE\u201d while defining it.<\/p>\n<p>Now we have a graph table named users and let&#8217;s enter data into it.<\/p>\n<p>insert into Users values<br \/>\n(&#8216;Caglar&#8217;),(&#8216;Baki&#8217;),(&#8216;Contemporary&#8217;),(&#8216;Musa&#8217;),(&#8216;Sait&#8217;),(&#8216;Burak&#8217;)<\/p>\n<p>Now let&#8217;s view the content of the node named users.<\/p>\n<p>select * from dbo.Users<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/www.sqlekibi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Resim-2-300x84.png\" \/><\/p>\n<p>When you examine the picture above, you will see that there is a column other than the UserID and UserName that we defined. The data content here includes JSON data and the default sort value starts from 0.<\/p>\n<p>Similarly, let&#8217;s create Team, Stat and city nodes.<\/p>\n<h4>For the team;<\/h4>\n<pre class=\"lang:default decode:true \">USE DMCGraph;\r\nGO\r\nDROP TABLE IF EXISTS Teams;\r\nGO\r\nCREATE TABLE Teams (\r\nTeamID INT IDENTITY PRIMARY KEY,\r\nTeamName NVARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,\r\n) AS NODE;\r\n\r\nINSERT INTO Teams (TeamName)\r\nVALUES\r\n(\u2018Galatasaray\u2019),(\u2018Fenerbah\u00e7e\u2019),(\u2018Be\u015fikta\u015f\u2019),(\u2018Trabzonspor\u2019),(\u2018Ba\u015fak\u015fehir\u2019)<\/pre>\n<h4>For the state;<\/h4>\n<pre class=\"lang:default decode:true \">USE DMCGraph;\r\nGO\r\nDROP TABLE IF EXISTS Stat;\r\nGO\r\nCREATE TABLE Stat (\r\nStatID INT IDENTITY PRIMARY KEY,\r\nStatName NVARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,\r\n) AS NODE;\r\n\r\nINSERT INTO Stat (StatName)\r\nVALUES\r\n(\u2018T\u00fcrk Telekom Arena\u2019),(\u2018\u015e\u00fckr\u00fcsara\u00e7o\u011flu\u2019),(\u2018Vodafone Arena\u2019),(\u2018Avni Aker Stad\u0131\u2019),(\u2018Fatih Terim Stad\u0131\u2019)<\/pre>\n<h4>For the city;<\/h4>\n<pre class=\"lang:default decode:true \">USE DMCGraph;\r\nGO\r\nDROP TABLE IF EXISTS Cities;\r\nGO\r\nCREATE TABLE Cities (\r\nCityID INT IDENTITY PRIMARY KEY,\r\nCityName NVARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,\r\n) AS NODE;\r\n\r\nINSERT INTO Cities (CityName)\r\nVALUES\r\n(\u2018\u0130stanbul\u2019),(\u2018Trabzon\u2019)<\/pre>\n<p>We have created the node we will need for the graph database. Now it&#8217;s time to create an edge.<\/p>\n<p>Let&#8217;s create an edge named FavoriteTeam, WhichCityTeam and TeamsInStad.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang:default decode:true \">DROP TABLE IF EXISTS RetainedTeam;\r\nGO\r\nCREATE TABLE RetainedTeam AS EDGE;\r\n\r\nDROP TABLE IF EXISTS WhichCityTeam;\r\nGO\r\nCREATE TABLE WhichCityTeam AS EDGE;\r\n\r\nDROP TABLE IF EXISTS TeamsStad;\r\nGO\r\nCREATE TABLE TeamsStad AS EDGE;<\/pre>\n<p>After running the above code block, let&#8217;s check is_node and is_edge over sys.tables.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/www.sqlekibi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Resim-3.png\" \/><\/p>\n<p>We made the definitions as seen in the picture above. Now it&#8217;s time to insert insert on Edge. Edge is used to describe the relationship between two or more nodes.<\/p>\n<p>Assuming that a user is holding a tool, let&#8217;s insert the edge named Team Retained. But before we do this, let&#8217;s view the HeldTeam edge.<\/p>\n<p>select * from RetainedTeam<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/www.sqlekibi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Resim-4-300x10.png\" width=\"480\" height=\"16\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>As seen in the picture above, there are 3 columns on the edge. When we look at the column nomenclature, it actually has a structure that tells us the relationship between nodes.<\/p>\n<p>Let&#8217;s take action for users number 1. (I associated user #1 with team #1.)<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang:default decode:true \">insert into retainedteam($from_id, $to_id)\r\nvalues\r\n((SELECT $node_id FROM Users WHERE UserID = 1),\r\n(SELECT $node_id FROM Teams WHERE TeamID = 1));<\/pre>\n<p>Let&#8217;s perform the operation again for users number 1. (I associated user #1 with team #4.)<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang:default decode:true \">insert into retainedteam($from_id, $to_id)\r\nvalues\r\n((SELECT $node_id FROM Users WHERE UserID = 1),\r\n(SELECT $node_id FROM Teams WHERE TeamID = 4));<\/pre>\n<p>Let&#8217;s perform the operation again for users number 2. (I associated user #2 with team #3.)<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang:default decode:true \">insert into retainedteam($from_id, $to_id)\r\nvalues\r\n((SELECT $node_id FROM Users WHERE UserID = 2),\r\n(SELECT $node_id FROM Teams WHERE TeamID = 3));<\/pre>\n<p>Let&#8217;s perform the operation again for users number 3. (I associated user #3 with team #1.)<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang:default decode:true \">insert into retainedteam($from_id, $to_id)\r\nvalues\r\n((SELECT $node_id FROM Users WHERE UserID = 3),\r\n(SELECT $node_id FROM Teams WHERE TeamID = 1));<\/pre>\n<p>Let&#8217;s add a record for whichCityTeam.<\/p>\n<p>I added team number 1 for city number 1.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang:default decode:true \">insert into whichCityTeam($from_id, $to_id)\r\nvalues\r\n((SELECT $node_id FROM Teams WHERE TeamId = 1),\r\n(SELECT $node_id FROM Cities WHERE CityId = 1))<\/pre>\n<p>I added team number 4 for city number 2.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang:default decode:true \">insert into whichCityTeam($from_id, $to_id)\r\nvalues\r\n((SELECT $node_id FROM Teams WHERE TeamId = 4),\r\n(SELECT $node_id FROM Cities WHERE CityId = 2))<\/pre>\n<p>I added team number 3 for city number 1.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang:default decode:true \">insert into whichCityTeam($from_id, $to_id)\r\nvalues\r\n((SELECT $node_id FROM Teams WHERE TeamId = 3),\r\n(SELECT $node_id FROM Cities WHERE CityId = 1))<\/pre>\n<p>Let&#8217;s add a record for TeamsStadium.<\/p>\n<p>I matched the number 1 team with the number 1 stat.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang:default decode:true \">insert into TeamsStadium($from_id, $to_id)\r\nvalues\r\n((SELECT $node_id FROM Teams WHERE TeamId = 1),\r\n(SELECT $node_id FROM Stat WHERE StatId = 1))\r\n\r\n<\/pre>\n<p>I matched team number 2 with stat number 2.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang:default decode:true \">insert into TeamsStadium($from_id, $to_id)\r\nvalues\r\n((SELECT $node_id FROM Teams WHERE TeamId = 2),\r\n(SELECT $node_id FROM Stat WHERE StatId = 2))<\/pre>\n<p>I matched team #3 with stat #3.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang:default decode:true \">insert into TeamsStadium($from_id, $to_id)\r\nvalues\r\n((SELECT $node_id FROM Teams WHERE TeamId = 3),\r\n(SELECT $node_id FROM Stat WHERE StatId = 3))<\/pre>\n<p>To view the data;<\/p>\n<p>In the select statement, you must specify the match statement in the where condition. For example, you need to use the following query to display the teams held by Users.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang:default decode:true \">SELECT u.UserName,  t.TeamName\r\nFROM Users u, retainedteam tt, Teams t\r\nWHERE MATCH(u-(tt)-&gt;t);<\/pre>\n<p>In the above example, as the users node, I named the Retained Team edge as tt and the teams node as t. The output is as follows.<\/p>\n<p id=\"kqkMWWz\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"178\" height=\"100\" class=\"size-full wp-image-51994 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/dbtut.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/img_62ed49717b10e.png\" alt=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Similarly, as a different example, we can use the following query to get the answer to the question Which City hosts which team.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang:default decode:true \">select t.TeamName,c.CityName\r\nfrom\r\nTeams as t,\r\nwhichCityTeam as hst,Cities as c\r\nWHERE MATCH(t-(hst)-&gt;c);<\/pre>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/www.sqlekibi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Resim-6.png\" \/><\/p>\n<p>I used t for Teams node, hst for WhichCityTeam, c for Cities and made it match with match.<\/p>\n<p>If we want to write the query that includes the teams of the users and the cities of the teams;<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang:default decode:true \">select u.UserName,  t.TeamName,C.CityName\r\nfrom\r\nUsers as u,\r\nTeams as t,\r\nCities as c,\r\nTutulanTakim as tt,\r\nHangiSehirTakimi as hst\r\nwhere\r\n1=1\r\nand Match(u-(tt)-&gt;t)\r\nand Match(t-(hst)-&gt;c)<\/pre>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/www.sqlekibi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Resim-7.png\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"YGsxleH\">For Deletion of Data;<\/p>\n<p>To perform a Delete operation on Edge, you need to specify the values of $from_id and $to_id.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang:default decode:true \">delete from retainedteam\r\nwhere\r\n1=1\r\nand $from_id = (select $node_id from users where UserId = 1 )\r\nand $to_id = (select $node_id from Teams where TeamId =4  )<\/pre>\n<p>When you run the query of the Picture above again, you will not see the Trabzonspor information.<\/p>\n<p>Graph databases are changing the way many operations from complex operations are implemented.<\/p>\n<p>In this article, we briefly reviewed how to create nodes and edges in graph databases.<\/p>\n<p>We also saw how to implement relationships between different nodes and how to add, read, and delete edges.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n<p id=\"pvc_stats_51989\" class=\"pvc_stats all  \" data-element-id=\"51989\" style=\"\"><i class=\"pvc-stats-icon medium\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\" data-prefix=\"far\" data-icon=\"chart-bar\" role=\"img\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" class=\"svg-inline--fa fa-chart-bar fa-w-16 fa-2x\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M396.8 352h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V108.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v230.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zm-192 0h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V140.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v198.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zm96 0h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8V204.8c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v134.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8zM496 400H48V80c0-8.84-7.16-16-16-16H16C7.16 64 0 71.16 0 80v336c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h464c8.84 0 16-7.16 16-16v-16c0-8.84-7.16-16-16-16zm-387.2-48h22.4c6.4 0 12.8-6.4 12.8-12.8v-70.4c0-6.4-6.4-12.8-12.8-12.8h-22.4c-6.4 0-12.8 6.4-12.8 12.8v70.4c0 6.4 6.4 12.8 12.8 12.8z\" class=\"\"><\/path><\/svg><\/i> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" alt=\"Loading\" src=\"https:\/\/dbtut.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/page-views-count\/ajax-loader-2x.gif\" border=0 \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"pvc_clear\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In today&#8217;s article we will examine the SQL Server Graph Database. I will try to explain the Graph database features, which provide complex and hierarchical relationship management, which started to be used with SQL Server 2017, in the article. 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